![]() At the same time, the children’s mental health service system in the USA is a largely fragmented system geared to middle class Caucasian norms of family independence and self-sufficiency. These composite stressors are resulting in increasing rates of mental health morbidity, such as depression, suicidality, stress-related disorders, school disciplinary actions, incarceration, and placement in state custody. These populations face higher rates of psychosocial disparities such as poverty, lack of education, barriers to health and mental health services, and exposure to multiple stressors such as discrimination, racism, community violence exposure, and immigration and acculturation stresses. As of 2020, the majority of children and youth in the USA are from these minority, non-European backgrounds (this will be the case for the overall population by 2045). This has been both a result of demographic changes (aging of the non-Hispanic White/European origin populations) greater growth of African American, Latinx, Asian origin, and American Indian populations and significant immigration from Latin America, Southeast and East Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The USA has undergone a major increase of non-European populations over the past 50 years. Recognizing and understanding the impact of trauma is critical to the healthy development and successful functioning of minority youth, and to the success of our nation. ![]() These disparities are resulting in increasing rates of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, substance use disorders, and suicide in minority youth. Despite the higher incidence of trauma exposure, minority youth are less likely to access medical and mental health care. The COVID-19 pandemic has also disproportionately affected minority youth resulting in illness and hospitalizations. These experiences include historical/generational trauma, immigration and acculturation stressors, natural and manmade disasters, experiences of discrimination, family violence, and community violence. Research reveals that traumatic experiences disproportionately affect minority youth. The USA has an increasing number of children and youth from minority backgrounds. 2021 85:101997.This paper reviews the literature on the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of traumatic experiences on the mental health outcomes of minority youth in the USA. Intergenerational transmission and prevention of adverse childhood experiences (Aces). Living in “survival mode:” Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Parents’ Emotional Trauma May Change Their Children’s Biology. ![]() Biological underpinnings of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: focusing on genetics and epigenetics. Ryan J, Chaudieu I, Ancelin ML, Saffery R. An operational definition of epigenetics: Figure 1. Genome Biol 1, reports4013.1 (2000).īerger SL, Kouzarides T, Shiekhattar R, Shilatifard A. How many genes does it take to make a human being?. International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. Intergenerational memory of the holocaust. ![]() The intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma. Association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and mental health problems in offspring: An intergenerational study. ![]() Intergenerational trauma in refugee families: a systematic review. ![]()
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